For energy and chemicals professionals who need to turn complex assets and markets into clear decisions

Staff members of the Hengli Petrochemical (Dalian) Refining Co., Ltd. monitor the operation of equipments on the Changxing Island in Dalian City, northeast China's Liaoning Province. Source: Xinhua/Pan Yulong (May 17, 2019)

 The geology of natural gas | Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration and U.S. Geological Survey

Shale gas is an unconventional natural gas extracted from fine-grained sedimentary shale rock formations, where it is trapped in...

Golden Pass Products LLC (GPP) is a Delaware-organized limited liability company focused on LNG export from the United States. It operates as the export development entity of the broader Golden Pass LNG complex located at Sabine Pass, Texas. The company achieved a major milestone in...

 Cheniere Energy LNG terminal | Source: SIGTTO

Cheniere Energy, Inc. is a Houston, Texas-based energy infrastructure company and the #1  LNG producer in the United States and the second-largest LNG operator in the world. Founded originally as an...

 Corpus Christic Liquifaction Facility | Source: Natural Gas Intelligence

The Corpus Christi Liquefaction (CCL) facility is the first greenfield LNG export terminal built in the United States in over 50 years, developed by Cheniere...

  Sabine Pass Liquefaction facility | Source: Pipeline & Gas Journal (July 20, 2023)

The Sabine Pass LNG Terminal is located along the Sabine Pass River on the Texas–Louisiana border, in Cameron Parish, Louisiana. Originally built as an LNG

Market Insight | ppPLUS Intelligence Series • Polyolefins & Advanced Materials | April 2026

 From left to right: Mordenite minerals and crystal structure | Sources: various images sources, crystal structure generated using CrystalMaker®, CrystalMaker Software Ltd, Oxford, England, ww.crystalmaker.com

Mordenite ore is a naturally occurring zeolitized volcanic rock in which the...

 Chabazite minerals and framework | Sources: various image sources; Framework structure: Xavier Rozanska (April 2009)

Chabazite is a natural zeolite mineral that forms an important but more specialized aluminosilicate ore, mainly valued for high‑selectivity gas separation, ion‑exchange, and environmental remediation applications.

Industrial...

From left to right: Cliptonilolite ore, zeolite for soil improvement, tetrahedral framework (red: oxygen, orange: absorbed cation, grey: Si or Al at Si/Al~ 4) | Various sources 

Clinoptilolite is the principal natural zeolite ore used commercially, valued for its high cation‑exchange capacity, thermal stability, and benign toxicity profile.

 Selection of aluminosilicate minerals

Aluminosilicate Ores are naturally occurring non‑metallic rock or sedimentary deposits in which the principal valuable constituents are aluminosilicate minerals composed mainly of aluminum, silicon, oxygen, and counter‑cations (e.g. Na, K, Ca, Mg, H). 

Mineral types include:

• ...

 Urea | Source: Zakarya Baouch, Linkedin

Urea is an organic compound with chemical formula CO(NH₂)₂. This amide has two amino groups (–NH₂) joined by a carbonyl functional group (–C(=O)–). It is thus the simplest amide of carbamic acid.

Urea is

 mmonia molecular structure | Source: Catalytic Products International

Ammonia is an inorganic chemical compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the molecular formula NH₃. As the simplest and most stable nitrogen hydride, it is a colourless, toxic gas with a distinctively pungent odour, highly soluble in

 Port-Gentil Refinery | Source: SOGARA Linkedin page

The SOGARA refinery in Port-Gentil is Gabon's sole petroleum refinery and the first refinery established in Central Africa. The refinery is designed primarily to process Rabi Light, Gabon's light, sweet crude variety, and is supplied via an 18 km

NEWS COMMUNIQUÉ | ppPLUS Energy Intelligence • Downstream & Refining | April 17, 2026

Strategic Insight | ppPLUS Intelligence Series • Petrochemical & Chemical Industry | April 2026

 Acelen petrol station in Brazil | Source: Acelen corporate website

Acelen is a Brazilian energy company created by Mubadala Capital, the asset management subsidiary of Abu Dhabi's sovereign wealth fund, Mubadala Investment Company. The company was established...

 Molecular weight of UHMWPE is typically 4,000,000 g/mol (4 million Da) | Image credit: Lijiu Plastics

UHMWPE (also known as HMPE or high-modulus polyethylene) is a subset of thermoplastic polyethylene characterized by extremely long polymer chains with a molecular...

ConocoPhillips trades on the NYSE under ticker COP with a current market capitalization of approximately $111.5 billion. The stock is currently...

 The geology of natural gas| Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration and U.S. Geological Survey

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 Hydrisom Block Flow Diagram

The Hydrisom process is a proprietary refinery pretreatment technology originally developed and licensed by Phillips Petroleum Company (Bartlesville, Oklahoma), now held by 

The global #propylene market is no longer a monolith.
As the attached data highlights, we are witnessing a fundamental divergence in how the world produces the "C3" building block. While the Rest of the World (ROW) remains linked to the traditional steam cracker—where propylene is merely a co/by-product of #ethylene — #China has built a massive,...

Yulong Island Petrochemical Park | Source: Tialoc Group (March 2024)

The Yulong Island Refining and Chemical Integration Project was born not from a single corporate vision but from a

Shandong Yulong Petrochemical site aerial view | Credit: Sohu (Jan 21, 2025)

The Yulong Island Refining and Chemical Integration Project (裕龙岛炼化一体化项目) is located on Yulong Island, Huangshanguan Town, Longkou City, Yantai, Shandong Province, China. It is operated by

Saudi Arabia's Petroline Pipeline Reaches Full 7 Million Barrel Capacity, Securing Red Sea Export Route | Source: moenergy.gov.sa (April 12, 2026)

 Yulong Island Petrochemical Park | Source: Tialoc Group (March 2024)

Shandong Yulong Petrochemical Co., Ltd. (山东裕龙石化有限公司), established on June 28, 2019 with a registered capital of RMB 38 billion, operates a major integrated refining and petrochemical complex located on Yulong Island in Longkou City, Yantai, Shandong Province, China. The company...

 KPC Headquarter | Source: KPC website

Kuwait holds approximately 8.27% of global proven oil reserves (~101.5 billion barrels), ranking it among the world's top five reserve-holding nations. As of September 2025, KPC's domestic production capacity reached 3.2 million bpd — the highest level in over a decade —...

 Riyadh Refinery | Oil&Gas Middle East (Jan 24, 2023)

The Riyadh Refinery, operational since 1975, is a wholly owned Saudi Aramco facility, is located in the Kingdom’s central area and receives its crude

 SAMREF Refinery | Source: Khairallah A.H. (Nov 27, 2025), 'SAMREF 2025 Achievements' Youtube video

Saudi Aramco Mobil Refinery Company Ltd. (SAMREF) operates one of the most sophisticated and highly complex export refineries in the Middle East, located in Yanbu Industrial City on...

 SATORP Amiral project | Source: TotalEnergies

Amiral is a world-scale, fully integrated petrochemical complex being constructed adjacent to and in full integration with the existing SATORP refinery in Jubail. The project is being developed and will be operated by the SATORP joint venture, with an...

 Ras Tanura refinery and export terminal | Source: Saudi Aramco website.

The Ras Tanura Refinery (RTR) is Saudi Aramco's largest, oldest, and most complex refinery, and the largest refinery in the Middle East. Located on a peninsula...

An oil tanker burns after being hit by an Iranian strike in the ship-to-ship transfer zone at Khor al-Zubair port near Basra, Iraq, late Wednesday, March 11, 2026. (AP Photo)

Aerial view of ADU/VDU 1 | Source: HRRL website

America First Refining is opening the first new U.S. oil refinery in nearly half a century in Brownsville, Texas.

 Port of Brownsville ship channel | Source: AFR website

The America First Refining (AFR) Brownsville Facility is the first greenfield oil refinery to be built in the United States in nearly 50 years, representing a landmark re-investment in domestic...

America First Refining did not emerge from a press release. The company's roots trace to at least 2014, when CFO Ken Douglas joined what was then an early-stage clean fuels and power generation concept. The project developed quietly over nearly a decade under the name Element Fuels Holdings LLC, which formally announced the

A RMB 80 billion bet on chemicals self-sufficiency signals a structural turning point for Chinese refining

By ppPLUS Market Intelligence | April 2026

In the loess highlands of Shaanxi Province, a refinery that has been processing crude oil since 1907 is preparing to go dark. The 

Novus Energy Inc. is a Canadian upstream oil and gas exploration and production company wholly owned by Yanchang Petroleum International Limited since January 2014. Originally incorporated in 1998 as Regal Energy Ltd. and renamed Novus Energy Inc. in August 2009, it was formerly listed...

Shaanxi Yanchang Petroleum Natural Gas Co., Ltd. (陕西延长石油天然气股份有限公司), known within the group by its short name 延长石油天然气公司, is a non-listed joint-stock company incorporated on 24 November 2015 and headquartered in Ansai District, Yan'an, Shaanxi Province. It was established as the dedicated

Yan'an petrochemical plant

The Yan'an Petrochemical Plant (延安石油化工厂) is a downstream petrochemical processing facility co-located with the Yan'an Refinery approximately 4 km to the South in Qinlao Road, Luochuan County, Yan'an City, Shaanxi Province, China...

 Yan'an Refinery

The Yan'an Refinery (延安炼油厂) is a medium-sized crude oil refinery established in 1986 and located in Shaanxi Province. Operated by the Yanchang Petroleum Group Refining & Chemical Company — a wholly owned subsidiary of

The Yulin Refinery (榆林炼油厂) is the largest of the three refineries operated by the Yanchang Petroleum Group Refining & Chemical Company, with a CDU capacity of 7.2 million mt/yr, located in Jingbian County, Yulin City, Shaanxi Province (陕西省榆林市靖边县). Established in 1993, it was...

The Yongping Refinery is the oldest oil processing installation in China, with origins dating to 1907, located in Shaanxi Province. Operated by the Yanchang Petroleum Group Refining & Chemical Company, it operates two crude distillation trains with a combined CDU capacity of 4.6...

Shaanxi Coal Industry Co., Ltd. (Chinese: 陕西煤业股份有限公司; abbreviated 陕西煤业 or Shaanxi Coal) is a large-scale, listed coal mining and processing enterprise headquartered in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China. It is the main listed subsidiary of

 Source: Yangchang Group Hong Kong

Shaanxi Yanchang Petroleum (Group) Co., Ltd. (Chinese: 陕西延长石油（集团）有限责任公司; abbreviated Yanchang Group or YCPC) is a large-scale, vertically integrated state-owned energy and chemical conglomerate headquartered in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China (

Introduction
Following recent discussions on formulation challenges in industrial lubricants, there is a growing need to understand the real limitations of bio-based and re-refined lubricants.
With increasing focus on sustainability and cost optimization, the use of bio-based lubricants and re-refined base oils (RRBO) is growing rapidly across industries.
However, from...

In industrial environments, lubrication failures are rarely caused by poor-quality lubricants alone.In many cases, lubricants that perform well in laboratory testing fail unexpectedly under real operating conditions.

From my practical experience working directly at plant level, the key issue is not just the lubricant itself — but how it behaves under real-world stress and...

 Molecular representations of hydrogen peroxide | Source: Airdale Group

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is a colorless, slightly viscous liquid with the molecular formula H₂O₂ and a molecular weight of 34.01 g/mol. In pure form it is a pale blue liquid, but at commercial concentrations it appears colorless. It is structurally the simplest peroxide — a compound...

🔍 Why Grease Performs Well in Lab but Fails in Field?

In many plants, grease passes all lab tests — yet fails during actual operation.

From my practical experience, the biggest gap is:

👉 Difference between controlled lab conditions and real-world operating environments

Key reasons:

• Contamination (dust, water ingress)
•...

 BASF Verbund Site Antwerp aerial photo | Source: BASF

BASF Antwerpen NV operates the BASF Verbund site in Antwerp, Belgium — the largest integrated chemical production site in Belgium and the second-largest BASF production site in the world after

An aerial drone photo taken on Dec. 11, 2025 shows a panoramic view of BASF (Guangdong) integrated site in Zhanjiang City, south China's Guangdong Province. (Xinhua)

 Left: The TPR™ is a reactor in which hydrogen is produced by steam reforming; Right: TPR adjacent to the SMR | Source: Technip Energies

The TPR^™ (Technip Parallel Reformer) is a proprietary gas-heated,...

 HPPO process scheme total scope | Source: Bassler P. et al. (2010)

The BASF-Dow HPPO process produces propylene oxide (PO) by direct liquid-phase epoxidation of

The collapse of KEM ONE’s debt valuation is a stark wake-up call for the European chemical industry.

As Chinese overcapacity floods the market with cheap PVC, the ripple effects extend far beyond the balance sheet. A potential...

Source: Saudi Aramco Media Gallery

Riyadh, 31 March 2026

Sadara Chemical Company, the Saudi Aramco–Dow joint venture, has announced a complete suspension of...

Molecular Sieve Dehydration (2+1 configuration) process flow diagram | Source: Malino H. (May 2005)

Natural gas produced from reservoirs is invariably saturated with water vapor. If left untreated, this moisture causes hydrate...

 Gas Subcooled NGL Recovery Process Flow Diagram | Source: Editoiu M. (Aug 26, 2025)

The turboexpander-based cryogenic NGL recovery unit is the defining process of the modern gas processing plant. It is what separates pipeline...

🔴 Why Oil Change Does NOT Fix Noise, Smoke & Performance Issues?
(Reality of Old Machines — Field vs Lab Gap)
In real plant conditions, I frequently observe:
👉 Oil is changed… but the problem remains
• Gearbox noise persists
• Hydraulic systems remain unstable
• Equipment overheating continues
• Old engines still...

👉 Why “Clean Looking Oil” is NOT Always “Healthy Oil”?
Recently, I came across a case where transformer oil was restored to near-new condition by significantly reducing particulate contamination.
Impressive — but here is the real question:
👉 Does cleaner oil always guarantee reliable long-term performance?
In my practical field experience,...

🔬 Why Most Lubrication Problems Are Not Solved in Lab… but in the Field

In many plants, formulations look perfect on paper.

But in real conditions:
• Batch time increases
• Mixing issues appear
• Additives don’t perform as expected
• Emulsions become unstable

From my 30+ years of practical experience, I have seen...

 HPCL Mumbai Refinery | Credit: ljmacphee, via NS Energy (Dec 24, 2020)

HPCL's Mumbai Refinery at Mahul, Chembur is one of India's most strategically significant and technically complex refining facilities — a 9.5 MMTPA integrated fuels and lubricants complex that traces its origins to...

 Richmond refinery | Credit: Matthew (Dec 2025)

The Chevron Richmond Refinery, established in 1902 on San Francisco Bay in Richmond, California, is the largest refinery in Northern California and one of the most complex on the US West Coast, with an

 Mangalore Refinery | Source: The Economic Times (Mar 5, 2026)

The Mangalore Refinery, operated by MRPL (a subsidiary of ONGC) near Katipalla on India's southwest...

The Guru Gobind Singh Refinery (GGSR), operated by HPCL-Mittal Energy Limited (HMEL) — a joint venture between HPCL and Mittal Energy Investment Pte Ltd — is a 11.3 MMTPA...

In high-severity fired heaters—including refinery reformers, DCU pass heaters, and cracker furnaces—accurate Tube Skin Temperature (TTST) monitoring and comprehensive thermal profiling are critical to ensuring asset integrity, operational safety, and sustained throughput stability....

March 2026 | Based on 2025 Full-Year Results and Current Market Conditions

CNOOC...

The corporate structure of CNOOC Group (中国海洋石油集团有限公司) is currently being developed in ppPLUS. The documentation covers the group's principal holding entities and operating subsidiaries, tracing the ownership chain from the state parent — 100% owned by the Chinese central...

 Kochi Refinery | Source: BPCL Kochi Refinery page

The Kochi Refinery is BPCL's largest refining facility, located at Ambalamugal, Ernakulam District, Kerala, approximately 14 km east of Kochi city centre, occupying a site of...

 Bina Refinery aerial view | Source: BPCL, via Fuels and Lubes (Jan 27, 2025)

The Bina Refinery is a fully conversion-oriented crude oil refinery located at Bina, Sagar District, Madhya Pradesh, in central India. Commissioned on 11 May 2011, it was developed as a greenfield project...

 Mumbai refinery | Source: Financial Express (Sep 12, 2018)

BPCL's Mumbai Refinery is an oil refinery located at Mahul, Wadala East, Mumbai, Maharashtra, and is one of India's oldest continuously operating refineries. It commenced operations in January...

Hyderabad: Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL) on Tuesday signed three Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) with Oil India Limited (OIL), Numaligarh Refinery Limited (NRL), and Fertilisers & Chemicals Travancore Limited (FACT).

BPCL and OIL signed a non-binding...

Picture credentials : Wikipedia Commons 

The Long Lake Oil Sands Project operated by CNOOC Petroleum North America...

 PFD of HgSIV adsorbent use for mercury removal with regen gas direct dilution to sales gas or fuel gas & Source: UOP

UOP HgSIV™ Regenerable Mercury Removal is a proprietary Honeywell UOP licensed technology in which silver-impregnated molecular sieve (HgSIV™)...

 Mercury Removal Unit process flow diagram | Source: Mihail Editoiu (Sep 16, 2025)

A detailed technical description of the Mercury Removal Unit (Non-Regenerable Fixed-Bed) is available in this profile.

It includes a step-by-step process description based on a representative Process Flow Diagram...

 Mercury Removal Unit process flow diagram | Source: Mihail Editoiu (Sep 16, 2025), Youtube video

A Mercury Removal Unit (MRU) is a fixed-bed adsorption process that removes elemental mercury and mercury compounds from natural gas,

 Wet Gas is a naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon compounds in which methane (CH₄) is the dominant component, but which contains an appreciable proportion of heavier hydrocarbons — principally ethane

 Dry Gas is a form of natural gas that consists predominantly of methane (CH₄), typically comprising at least 85% of its composition, with minor amounts of ethane...

Condensate stabilisation simplified block flow diagram encompassing all three options (multistage flash only, distillation column only, combined flash + distillation column 

A generic technology description is provide, encompassing three possible designs:

• Multi-stage flash only: in the multi-stage flash variant, all...

 Liquid storage is a critical aspect of industrial operations, encompassing a wide range of solutions designed to safely contain, handle, and protect liquid products — from bulk chemicals and foodstuffs to fuels, solvents, and cryogenic fluids. Selecting the appropriate storage method depends on the nature of the liquid (volatility, hazard class, temperature, pressure), required...

 Simplified PFD of a condensate stabilisation plant

Condensate stabilisation is a separation process that removes dissolved light-end hydrocarbons (methane, ethane, propane...

 Flash gas flashed from LNG after a wound coil end-flash exchanger | Source: PalladianPublications (2021)

Flash gas is the light hydrocarbon vapour fraction generated when a pressurised process liquid undergoes rapid pressure reduction across a control valve or in a dedicated flash vessel, causing dissolved light gases to vaporise. It occurs at multiple...

 Simplified condensate stabilizer column showing the overhead gas styream | Source: Firdauzi (Oct 7, 2024), Linkedin

Stabiliser overhead gas is the light hydrocarbon vapour stream leaving the top of a condensate stabiliser column during

 Arzew GL3Z | Image: Sonatrach

The Arzew-Bethioua complex is the world's largest single-site LNG export terminal (i.e. with a single operator) by installed nameplate capacity, comprising four sub-complexes (GL1Z, GL2Z, GL3Z, GL4Z) with a combined 13 liquefaction trains across 180 acres. The site pioneered commercial LNG exports globally...

 Skikda LNG | Image: KBR

The GL1K complex is Algeria's second LNG export terminal after Arzew (GL1Z/GL2Z), first commissioned in 1972. It is fed by natural gas from the Hassi R'Mel

 LNG volume vs. Natural Gas volume - Source: Cameron LNG

LNG is natural gas — predominantly methane (CH₄), with smaller fractions of 

ALGIERS, February 24, 2026 — Algeria's state energy giant Sonatrach has outlined the most ambitious capital expenditure programme in its six-decade history, committing up to $60 billion over the 2026–2030 period to dramatically accelerate exploration, bolster...

 Amur Gas Processing Plant as of July 2024 | Source: Gazprom, Youtube video

The Amur Gas Processing Plant (Амурский газоперерабатывающий завод, Amur GPP) is one of the world's largest natural gas processing facilities, located in the Svobodnensky...

PJSC Gazprom (ПАО «Газпром») is a majority state-owned Russian multinational energy corporation headquartered at the Lakhta Center in Saint Petersburg. The company name is a contraction of the Russian words gazovaya promyshlennost (газовая промышленность), meaning "gas industry".​

Read the detailed company...

Ras Laffan helium storage tanks | Source: QatarEnergy LNG

Helium is a crucial component for semiconductor manufacturing and there are no available substitutes, according to the Semiconductor Industry Association.
A.I. enhanced image with helium symbol | Stock photo: Farrington M., techUK (Jul 2, 2024),

 Liquid helium container | Source: westair

Liquid helium (LHe) is supplied in cryogenic dewars (small volumes, typically 30–500 L) or cryogenic tankers (bulk supply). Required for superconducting magnet cooling (MRI, NMR, particle accelerators) and other deep cryogenic applications below ~20 K. LHe-4 boils at 4.222 K (−268.9°C) at...

Compressed helium in pressure cylinders | Source: NBC News (Jan 25, 2024)

Compressed gaseous helium (GHe) is supplied in high-pressure cylinders (typically 200–300 bar), cylinder bundles, or tube trailers for larger volumes. The standard supply form for most industrial and laboratory uses.

Product profile is available

 Helium atomic structure | Source: Vi Na Industrial Gases

Helium is a naturally occurring, chemically inert noble gas and the second most abundant element in the observable universe, yet one of the rarest recoverable resources on Earth. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, and non-toxic monatomic gas under standard conditions, with atomic number 2 and an atomic...

Magnesium-enhanced lime flue gas desulfurization (FDG) process with magnesium hydroxide recovery | Source: Lewis Benson

Magnesium Enhanced Quicklime (MEL) is a specialty commercial form of calcium oxide derived from a naturally occurring high-calcium

 Dolomitic quicklime | Source: Carmeuse

Dolomitic quicklime is produced by the calcination of dolomite (CaMg(CO₃)₂) at temperatures above ~1,100°F (593°C), yielding a mixed calcium-magnesium oxide product (CaO·MgO) in which both oxides are present in...

 High calcium quicklime | Source: Carmeuse

High-calcium quicklime is the purest and most widely produced commercial form of calcium oxide, derived by calcining select high-calcium limestone deposits containing no more than 5% magnesium...

 Calcium oxide | Source: Globe Stone Hills

Calcium oxide (CaO), universally known as quicklime or burnt lime, is one of the oldest and most widely produced inorganic chemical compounds in the world, with recorded use dating back to the Middle Ages. It is a white to pale grey, odorless,...

PwC's latest chemicals investment attractiveness rankings put China, the US, and Taiwan at the top. Europe doesn't feature.

That's not a ranking problem. It's a readout of three structural failures happening...

 Precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) types | Source: STM Technologies

Precipitated Calcium Carbonate (PCC) is a manufactured form of CaCO₃ produced by a controlled chemical precipitation process, in which quicklime (CaO) is first slaked with

 Raw materials of heavy calcium carbonate | Source: DASWELL

Ground Calcium Carbonate (GCC) is a mechanically processed form of calcium carbonate produced by the dry or wet grinding of naturally occurring carbonate minerals, principally calcite-rich

 Top: molecular structure of calcium carbonate (various sources) | Bottom: raw material for ground calcium carbonate powder production (source: DASWELL)

Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) is an inorganic chemical compound consisting of one calcium atom, one carbon atom, and three oxygen atoms, forming one of the most abundant and widely distributed...

Refinery and Petrochemicals facilities transform gas and liquid hydrocarbons to a wider range of refined and petrochemical products respectively. The feedstock used in a refinery is crude oil, while in case of petrochemical facilities the...

 Limestone photos | Source: Nordkalk

Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed predominantly of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) in the form of the mineral calcite, and sometimes aragonite. It is one of the most abundant and widely distributed rocks on Earth's surface, and arguably the single most economically important non-metallic mineral...

 Various types of calcium ores

Calcium ores are naturally occurring minerals and rocks from which calcium compounds are extracted for industrial, chemical, and construction purposes. As a group, they share a common chemical foundation — the Ca²⁺ ion — but differ widely in their anion pairing, crystal structure, and application...

Five differet routes to produce cryolite

The synthesis of sodium hexafluoroaluminate (Na₃AlF₆), the IUPAC name for synthetic cryolite, is an inorganic double-replacement (metathesis) reaction in which fluoride ions progressively substitute hydroxide or oxide ligands around aluminium, while sodium cations combine with the...

 Sodium Hexafluoroaluminate molecular formula, granular form, molecular representations, crystal structure (unit cell) diagram | Various sources

Cryolite (Na₃AlF₆) is a sodium aluminium fluoride mineral and one of the most industrially critical inorganic fluorine compounds, serving primarily as the...

 PCA manufacturing block flow diagram | Source: Zhonghui Kiln

Prebaked Carbon Anode (PCA) manufacturing is the dominant process technology for producing consumable carbon electrodes for primary aluminium smelting via the

 Carbon anode blocks | Source: Handan Qifeng Carbon Company

A prebaked carbon anode (PBA) is a pre-manufactured, shaped carbon block used as the positive electrode (anode) in primary aluminium production via the

Carbon anode scrap | Source: SMF Metall

Anode butts (also called anode stubs or spent anodes) are the residual carbon blocks remaining after a prebaked carbon anode has been consumed during

 Carbon anode and cathode in an Hall-Héroult electrolytic cell | Source: Regain Materials

Carbon anodes are shaped, high-density carbon components manufactured from calcined petroleum coke and coal tar pitch...

 Tapping of hevea Rubber Latex

Hevea latex is the milky-white colloidal fluid naturally produced and stored in the laticifer cells of Hevea brasiliensis (the Pará rubber tree), representing the world's sole commercial-scale biological source of natural...

 Rubber sheets | Source: Panorama Oil & Gas

Natural rubber derived from the latex of Hevea brasiliensis (commonly known as the Pará rubber tree or rubber tree) is the world's most commercially significant elastomeric biopolymer, accounting for approximately 40–45% of total global rubber consumption. It is sourced by tapping the...

 Technically Specified Rubber (TSR) | Source: Madapally Trading

Technically Specified Rubber (TSR), also commonly referred to as block rubber, is the most widely traded commercial form of natural rubber, representing the dominant portion of global natural rubber supply. Unlike older grading systems that relied on visual...

Needle coke | Source: EPIC Milling

Coal-tar needle coke is a premium-grade, highly crystalline form of coal-derived coke produced in a 

Needle coke | Source: EPIC Milling

Petroleum needle coke is a premium-grade, highly crystalline form of petroleum-derived coke produced in a 

  Calcinated pitch coke | Source: Dev Energy

Calcined pitch coke is the thermally treated form of pitch coke, produced by calcining green pitch coke at temperatures of 1,200–1,400°C in a rotary kiln or equivalent calcination furnace in the absence of air. Calcination...

 Green Petroleum Coke and Calcinated Petroleum Coke | Source: JINSUN New Material Technology

Calcined Petroleum Coke (CPC) is a high-carbon material produced by thermally treating green petroleum coke (GPC) at temperatures of 1,200–1,500°C in a rotary...

 Metallurgical coke | Source: Ming Shan

Metallurgical coke is a solid, porous, high-carbon material produced by the destructive distillation (carbonization) of low-ash, low-sulphur bituminous coal (

 Hall-Héroult Process - block flow diagram | Source: Vikram M.

The Hall–Héroult process is an electrometallurgical process that dissolves smelter-grade alumina (Al₂O...

 Petroleum Coke | Source: Liman Trading

Green petroleum coke (GPC) is the raw, unprocessed form of petroleum coke as it exits the coker unit in an oil refinery. The term "green" does not refer to any...

 Coke types: petcoke, metallurgical coke, calcinated petcoke, needle coke

Coke is a solid, high-carbon fuel and industrial reductant produced by the thermal treatment of carbonaceous feedstocks — primarily coal or 

 Clockwise from top left: Coated scale lifted from a framework (Aegis Ind. Finishing), Mechanical mill scale removal (Tony Hufford), SEM micrograph showing mill scale on carbon steel rebar (Vahid Azad), Commercial mill scale (Anglo Pacific Minerals)

Mill scale is a hard, brittle, bluish-black iron oxide

 Iron element and iron products

Iron is a chemical element and the most abundant heavy metal on Earth, forming the foundation of the modern metals industry. With the symbol Fe (from Latin ferrum) and atomic number 26, it is a lustrous, silvery-grey transition metal belonging to Group 8 of the periodic table. Iron is the primary raw material for ...

 Clockwise from top left: steel casting, pipeline, cookware, rebar, car body, building structure | Various sources

Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon, and the world's most important structural and engineering material. With annual production exceeding 1.9 billion tonnes, it...

Pig iron manufacturing and products

Pig iron is the primary metallic output of the blast furnace and the foundational intermediate of the iron and steel value chain. It is produced by the carbothermic reduction of 

FeO molecular formula (top left), crystal Structure (bottom left, source: WebElements). Mill scale, a flaky layer of iron oxides—predominantly FeO with various amounts of Fe3O4 and Fe2O3—that forms on hot-rolled steel (right, source: Anglo Pacific)

Iron(II) oxide (FeO), also known as ferrous oxide, is an inorganic...

Various magnetite samples | Source: Sandatlas

Magnetite is the world's most magnetic naturally occurring mineral and one of the two primary iron ores, alongside hematite. Named after the ancient region of Magnesia (Greece) where it was first described, it is the natural mineral form of iron(II,III)...

Various samples of hematite | Source: Geologyin

Hematite is the world's most important iron ore mineral and the primary source of iron for global steel production. Named from the Greek haima (blood), a reference to its characteristic red streak, it is the natural mineral form of

 Typical iron ore samples | Various sources

Iron ores are naturally occurring rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be economically extracted and refined. They are the foundational raw material for the global iron and steel industry, which consumes over 2 billion tonnes of iron ore annually. An ore qualifies as economically viable when its iron (Fe) content...

 Iron(II,III) Oxide: molecular structure (top), crystal lattice structure (bottom left), magnetite powder (bottom right) | Various sources

Iron(II,III) oxide, commonly known by its mineral name magnetite, is a mixed-valence iron oxide containing iron in both the...

 Diiron trioxide: various molecular representations and powder form | Various sources

Iron(III) oxide in its α-phase, commonly known by its mineral name hematite, is the most stable and abundant form of iron oxide and the most industrially significant iron compound on Earth. It is a reddish-brown solid with the systematic...

 Properties of iron oxides in E172 food additive | Source: Voss L. et al.

Iron oxides are a class of inorganic chemical compounds composed of iron (Fe) and oxygen (O) atoms, often also including related oxyhydroxide forms that incorporate hydrogen. There are...

 Silicon dioxide molecular structure, powder, pieces | Various sources

Silicon dioxide, also known as silica, is an oxide of silicon with the chemical formula SiO₂ and a molecular weight of 60.08 g/mol. It is one of the most abundant chemical compounds in the Earth's crust, occurring naturally in a wide variety of crystalline and amorphous mineral forms.

 Silicon oxides molecular structure (left) and appearance (right) | Various sources

Silicium oxides are the family of inorganic compounds formed by the combination of silicon (Si) and oxygen (O), primarily silicon monoxide (SiO) and silicon dioxide (SiO₂). These are among the most industrially...

  Bayer Process simplified block flow diagram showing spent caustic following the precipitation stage

Spent caustic liquor is the residual process solution generated in the Bayer Process after aluminium...

 Queensland Alumina Limited's red mud dam

Bauxite residue (red mud) is the insoluble solid waste generated during the processing of bauxite into alumina via the

 Sludge oil slick toxic waste

Muds and sludges are viscous, semi-liquid residues generated as unavoidable by-products across a broad range of industrial processes, particularly in mineral extraction, hydrometallurgical refining,

Aluminium trioxide: molecule (top left), powder (bottom left), double layers of hydroxyl groups with intercalated aluminium ions (bottom right), SEM of aerosol samples (top right) | Various sources

Aluminium trihydroxide is the most important and commercially dominant member of the aluminium hydroxides group...

 Pregnant liquor is the supersaturated sodium aluminate solution (NaAl(OH)4) after clarification and before precipitation

In the context of the Bayer Process for alumina production, pregnant liquor

Picture credentials : Association de l'aluminium du Canada 

Aluminerie de Bécancour Inc. (ABI), located in the Bécancour Waterfront Industrial Park in Quebec, is a major...

Aluminium metal and products made thereof

Aluminium is the most widely used non-ferrous metal and the second most used metal overall after steel. It combines a unique set of physical, chemical, and mechanical properties that make it indispensable across virtually every major industrial sector.

Read the ful product profile

 Three metals (Al, Mg, Be) from four light structural metals belong to the 10 lightest metals, together with alkali metals (Na, K, Cs, Rb) and the alkaline earth Calcium | Credit: Science Notes (Mar 26, 2020)

Light metals are metallic elements or alloys characterised by a relatively low density —...

Picture credentials : Sorel-Tracy, Facebook

The Rio Tinto Fer et Titane (RTFT) site in Sorel-Tracy, Quebec, produces titanium dioxide feedstock (titanium slag), pig iron, steel products, and scandium oxide.

Titanium slag is produced by...

 Bauxite mining operations in Guinea | Credit: TFX (Jun 3, 2019)

Bauxite is the world's primary source of aluminium and one of the most strategically important industrial minerals globally. It is not a single mineral but a heterogeneous sedimentary...

 Samples of aluminium ores

Read the main product profile here.

#aluminium  #ores  #bauxite  #corundum 

Molecular representation of alumina (top & middle left) - Corundum Gemstones (top right) - Alumina powder (middle right) - Alumina Spheres 3 to 6 mm | Various sources

Alumina (Al₂O₃) is the most important oxide of aluminium and one of the most widely used industrial minerals globally. It occurs naturally as corundum and it is produced industrially...

Picture credentials : Springer Link

Aluminerie Alouette is a 600,000-tonne per year

Aluminum fluoride (AlF₃)  is a critical additive used in aluminum production, making the Hall-Héroult process physically and economically possible.The additive is added to the liquid bath of cryolite (Na₃AlF₆) and dissolved alumina. Adding aluminum fluoride lowers the melting...

Chevron financial interests on Portfolio Planning PLUS

Chevron Corporation is an American multinational integrated energy company and the second-largest oil major headquartered in the United States, active in more than 180 countries across the full hydrocarbon value chain — from...

LC-Max incorporates RSR or ROSE SDA between Stage 1 and Stage 2 LC-Fining

The Chevron Lummus Global (CLG) markets its own RSR (Residue Solvent Refining) SDA technology and integrates it...

ROSE stands for Residuum Oil Supercritical Extraction. It is a solvent deasphalting (SDA) process developed and commercialized by Kerr-McGee Corporation, first licensed...

Picture credentials : Descimco 

Nemaska Lithium is a joint venture by the Government of Québec (through Investissement Québec) and Rio Tinto Canada. The new plant produces...

Picture credentials : Radio-Canada 

The Vaudreuil refinery, operated by Rio Tinto in Saguenay, Quebec, is a central hub for...

Visual representation of SARA (saturates, aromatics, resins and asphaltenes) | Credit: Ibrahim Atwah

Resin is a discrete intermediate product stream recovered from...

Vacuum Bottom | Source: Petroluk

Vacuum residue (VR) is the remaining fraction of a crude oil after removing the fuel and oil fractions by successive atmospheric and 

Conversion of feed molecules vs. relative hydrocracking severity | Source: Chevron (2011)

Hydroprocessed (or hydrodewaxed) base oils are high-purity paraffinic base oils produced entirely through catalytic hydrogen-based

Kerosene is a flammable hydrocarbon liquid distillate primarily derived from crude petroleum, consisting of a mixture of hydrocarbons with carbon chain lengths ranging from C₉ to C₁₆. It is a thin, clear to pale-yellow liquid with a characteristic, not-unpleasant odour, boiling between 150°C and 275°C...

ISOFINISHING^® is CLG's proprietary noble-metal catalytic hydrofinishing technology, constituting the terminal hydroprocessing step in the all-

Simplified ISODEWAXING Process Flow Diagram

ISODEWAXING^® technology revolutionized catalytic dewaxing by changing the fundamental approach to wax molecules. Rather than removing wax (as solvent dewaxing does) or cracking wax molecules to light hydrocarbons (as conventional...

Simplified hydrofinishing process flow diagram

Hydrofinishing, also known as Hydrofining, is a mild catalytic hydrotreating process used in refineries as a final polishing step to improve the quality of petroleum products, particularly lubricating oil

Simplified catalytic dewaxing process flow diagram

Catalytic dewaxing, commonly known as Hydroisomerization dewaxing or isomerization dewaxing, is an advanced catalytic process that converts long-chain normal paraffins (n-paraffins) into branched...

Bright Stock (BS) is a very high-viscosity Group I lubricant base oil, typically with a viscosity of approximately 28-35 cSt at 100°C (often designated as BS 150 based on its viscosity at 40°C). It represents the heaviest...

Pilot plant evaluation of Unconverted Oil quality to reach Group II & Group III base oil | Source: Nilesh Chandak et al. 

In a refinery, Unconverted Oil (UCO), is the part of the feedstock, usually heavy hydrocarbons, that does not undergo the desired conversion into lighter products like

Simplified SDA Process Flow Diagram | Source: Valv Technologies

Solvent Deasphalting (SDA) is a refinery process that separates asphalt (asphaltenes) from heavy petroleum

Chemical components of base oils 

Base oils are refined petroleum products or synthetic hydrocarbons that serve as the primary component (70-99%) in lubricant formulations. They are produced through two main routes:

How is deasphalted oil obtained in the oil refinery

Deasphalted oil (DAO) is a refined petroleum product obtained by removing asphaltenes from heavy 

Mumbai High Oil Field | Source: ONGC

Mumbai High crude (formerly called Bombay High crude) is a light, low-sulfur crude oil produced from the Mumbai High offshore oilfield located 160 km off the west coast of Mumbai in the Gulf of Cambay, India, at approximately 75 meters water depth.

What are Neodynium magnets? | Credit: Brian D. Colwell

https://briandcolwell.com/interesting-facts-about-neodymium-a-rare-earth-element-ree-and-critical-raw-material/

Periodic Table of the Elements highlighting Rare Earth Elements

We are initiating the coverage of rare earth elements by adding Rare Earth Ores and Rare Earth Metals to the product compendium. This will allow the mapping of rare...

Low-Temperature Methanol Wash AGR (Rectisol) Simplified PFD | Credit:  National Energy Technology Laboratory

Low-temperature methanol wash is a physical acid gas removal (AGR) process that uses refrigerated

Credit: FutureBridge

In 2017 the chemical industry produced about 420 million Tonne of plastics, synthetic fibres and synthetic rubbers.

By comparison the plants biomass is estimated from different sources at about 450 Gigatonne of carbon-based molecules (not accounting for...

Example of a cellulosic ethanol process (Edenic Inc.)

Second-generation bioethanol, also called cellulosic ethanol, is ethanol fuel produced from lignocellulosic biomass that contains cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. These...

Harvested logs at a timber yard | Credit: Coface

Wood is a structural tissue found as xylem in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants, composed of cellulosic fibers embedded in a matrix of lignin and hemicelluloses. As a material, wood has been used for thousands of years for fuel, construction, tools, weapons, furniture, packaging, artworks,...

Bioethanol is obtained from various types of biomass | Credit: iStock by Getty Images

First-generation bioethanol is ethanol fuel produced from food crops that contain readily fermentable sugars or starches. These feedstocks include...

Corn stubble | Credit: Ohioline

Agricultural field residues are materials left in an agricultural field or orchard after the crop has been harvested. These residues specifically include stalks and stubble (stems), leaves, seed pods, and roots that remain in the field following harvest.

Beyond their agronomic functions providing multiple benefits...

Tar is a dark brown or black viscous liquid composed of hydrocarbons and free carbon, obtained from a wide variety of organic materials through destructive distillation and other thermochemical processes that subject materials to intense...

Linear Alkylbenzene (LAB) is a key intermediate for manufacturing biodegradable detergents and surfactants, produced through the catalytic alkylation of benzene with linear mono-olefins derived from 

First Anniversary of PetroChina Guangdong Petrochemical Company | Credit: CNPC Facebook Page (5 July 2024) 

PetroChina Guangdong Petrochemical is a major integrated refining and petrochemical complex located in the Dananhai...

Fujian Gulei Petrochemical Co., Ltd. (福建古雷石化有限公司) is located on the Gulei Peninsula on the southeast coast of China. It was established on November 3, 2016. It is a joint venture between:

•  Fujian Refining and Chemical Co., Ltd....

USI Renwu facility | credit: Corporate video

USI Corporation operates production facilities exclusively at the Renwu (Jen-Wu) Petrochemical Industrial Park in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. The company maintains two distinct polyethylene...

Simplified WGS Diagram

The WGS technology profile provides detailed technical intelligence on one of the most fundamental catalytic processes in hydrogen production and

Metallurgical coal | Credit: CTI PLUS Resources

Coking coal, also called metallurgical coal or met coal, is a specialized grade of coal that can be converted into metallurgical coke for primary steelmaking via the blast furnace route....

Lignite, also known as brown coal | Credit: Energy Watch India

Lignite, also called brown coal, is the lowest-rank coal formed from peat at shallow depths and temperatures below 100°C (212°F). It is the first product of coalification, intermediate between peat and subbituminous coal,...

Subbituminous coal is a medium-rank coal intermediate between lignite and bituminous coal, characterized by 42-52% carbon content (dry, ash-free basis) and calorific values of 4,540-6,200 kcal/kg (19-26 MJ/kg).

It appears dark brown to black...

Bituminous rank and defining characteristics | Credit: Kentucky Geological Survey, University of Kentucky

Bituminous coal is a medium-rank coal with 45-86% carbon content, intermediate between sub-bituminous coal and 

Anthracite is the highest-rank coal with 80-95% fixed carbon content, characterized by its hard, dense structure (Mohs hardness 2.75-3), semi-metallic luster, and clean-burning properties. It has extremely low volatile matter (typically ~5%), minimal moisture content (<15%), and very low sulfur (~0.6%) and ash levels.

#coal  ...

Formosa Plastics Industrial Park, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province | Credit: Beijing ZCOOL Network Technology Co., Ltd

Formosa Industries (Ningbo) Co., Ltd. (台塑工业（宁波）有限公司) is the largest operating entity within the Formosa Plastics Ningbo Industrial Park, formed through a five-company...

JPP Horizone™ Process

New Technology Profile Available on ppPLUS: JPP Horizone™ polypropylene technology from Japan Polypropylene Corporation...

Formosa Plastics Corporation's manufacturing sites in Taiwan have been created and documented. 

#formosaplastics  #pfc  #linyuan   #mailiao  

Formosa Plastics Corporation's manufacturing sites in Taiwan have been created and documented.
#formosachemicals  #formosafiber  #fcfc  #changhua  #longde

Formosa Petrochemical Corporation (FPCC) has taken the unprecedented step of extending the shutdown of its 700,000 tonnes/year No. 1 naphtha cracker at the Mailiao Complex indefinitely, marking...

Temperature Swing Adsorption (TSA) for natural gas dehydration and purification using zeolite molecular sieves

Regenerative adsorption systems use specialized adsorbent materials that can be repeatedly cycled between adsorption and desorption states, eliminating the need for continuous adsorbent replacement and enabling economically viable continuous operation....

Simplified Process Flow Diagram of Crude Dehydration and Desalting 

Crude oil received after transportation contains dissolved salts trapped in small brine droplets dispersed throughout the oil volume. These droplets are too small for self-extraction and gravity...

BASF's Zhanjiang ethylene plant | Source: Sina Finance (Jan 8, 2026)

BASF has successfully commissioned the 1 million tonnes per year ethylene plant at its newly built

Air Liquide simplified SMR Process Flow Diagram

Air Liquide's SMR technology accepts a wide feedstock range including natural gas, light/heavy natural gas, LPG,

Wurtzite crystal structure of zinc oxide showing tetrahedral coordination of Zn and O atoms

Zinc oxide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula ZnO, appearing as a white powder that is insoluble in water. It is one of the most important zinc compounds and can be prepared in high purity with...

The first coal-to-plastics plant opened in Baotou in 2010. Photo: Handout

Uranium dioxide (UO₂), also known as urania or uranium(IV) oxide, is a black, radioactive, crystalline powder that naturally occurs in the mineral uraninite and serves as the primary material used in nuclear fuel rods for nuclear reactors.

Uranium hexafluoride (UF₆), commonly referred to as "hex" in the nuclear industry, is an inorganic compound consisting of one uranium atom bonded to six fluorine atoms.

UF₆ is produced by converting uranium dioxide (UO₂) with hydrofluoric acid to form uranium tetrafluoride...

BGL gasifiers manufactured for China Coal Ordos Energy and Chemical | Credit: TZCO (Oct 21, 2022)

China Coal Ordos Tuke Chemical Branch operates as the core coal gasification hub within the Tuke Industrial Park,...

Picture credentials : Dreamsline

Port Hope Conversion Facility is a uranium conversion plant located in Port Hope, Ontario, Canada. Operated by Cameco Corporation, it...

Picture credentials : Cameco

Commissioned in 1983, the Blind River Refinery is the largest commercial uranium refinery in the world and the only facility of its kind in Canada. It processes uranium ore concentrates...

BGL gasifiers manufactured for China Coal Ordos Energy and Chemical | Credit: TZCO (Oct 21, 2022)

The Tuke Chemical Branch (图克化工分公司) is a large-scale coal-to-chemicals facility operated by China Coal Ordos Energy & Chemical Co., Ltd., located in Tuke Industrial Park, Wushen Banner, Ordos City, Inner Mongolia. Construction began in June 2011,...

Zhongmei Mengda Wushen Zhao Complex (中煤蒙大乌审召煤制烯烃综合项目 / 内蒙古中煤蒙大新能源化工厂), also known as Inner Mongolia Zhongmei Mengda New Energy Chemical Plant, is an integrated coal-to-olefins facility that converts methanol (derived from coal-based

DMTO Simplified Process Flow Diagram

The Lummus Light Olefin Recovery Unit (herein 'LORU') technology represents an optimized separation system designed to efficiently recover high-purity ethylene and

Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl₄) is a colorless to light yellow, volatile liquid with a penetrating acidic odor and a molecular weight of 189.68 g/mol. It possesses a melting point of -25°C, a boiling point of 135-136°C at atmospheric pressure, and a density of 1.73 g/mL at 20°C. The compound has a refractive index of 1.61, a dielectric constant of 40.0, critical...

Picture credits : Keyera Corporation.

The Alberta Envirofuels facility, located in Edmonton and owned by

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is an inorganic compound composed of one titanium atom bonded to two oxygen atoms. It appears as a white, odorless, crystalline solid that is insoluble in water and alcohol but soluble in concentrated acids anda density that depends on its form, e.g. 4.23 g/cm³ in case of rutile and 3.78 g/cm³

Picture credits : Google Earth

The facility produces titanium dioxide (TiO₂), a white pigment of great importance, with an annual production capacity of approximately 110,000 tonnes across various grades. Titanium dioxide is valued...

Henan Energy Coal Mining Eqipment | Credit: Sina Finance (Aug 1, 2025)

Henan Energy and Chemical Industry Group Co., Ltd. (河南能源化工集团有限公司) is a major state-owned enterprise, with the current operational base focused on coal mining, coal gasification, chemical manufacturing, and energy production in China's Henan Province. 

The company website reports...

China Pingmei Shenma Holding Group Co., Ltd. (中国平煤神马控股集团有限公司) is a state-owned mega energy and chemical conglomerate incorporated on December 3, 2008 through the reorganization and integration of Pingmei Group (平煤集团) and Shenma Group (神马集团). It has a registered Capital of 194.32 billion RMB (as of latest approval date September 6, 2023), and ranks 168^th in China's Top...

State Power Investment Corporation (国家电力投资集团有限公司) is one of China's five largest state-owned electricity producers, supplying approximately 10% of the country's electricity across 27 Chinese provinces.

SPIC operates diverse energy assets with total installed capacity exceeding 260 GW: (as of May 2025):

• Solar power: 86.29 GW...

Lu'an Chemical Group Co., Ltd. (潞安化工集团有限公司) is a major Chinese state-owned enterprise specializing in coal chemical processing, clean energy, and advanced chemical materials production. The company was formed through professional reorganization of chemical assets in Shanxi Province, building on the foundation of the former Shanxi Lu'an Mining Group with over 60 years of...

China Huaneng Headqurter Building (right) | Credit: Sina Finance (Aug 3, 2025)

China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd. (中国华能集团有限公司) is a key state-owned enterprise incorporated on March 31, 1989 and one of China's largest energy conglomerates with a coal production capacity >125 million tons per year​ and business activities primarily focused on power generation....

Image credits : The Globe and Mail

LNG Canada is a liquefied natural gas (LNG) export terminal located in Kitimat, in the province of British Columbia, Canada.

In 2018, the project reached final investment decision with a total investment of...

Shanxi Coking Coal Group Co., Ltd. (山西焦煤集团有限责任公司) is a state-owned wholly-owned enterprise established in October 2001 and China's largest coking coal producer and supplier, ranking 471st in the 2024 Fortune Global 500. The group operates 23 subsidiaries.

#shanxi  #china

Shaanxi Coal and Chemical Industry Group Co., Ltd. is a large state-owned energy and chemical enterprise based in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China, established in 2004. As of 2024, it ranked as the fifth-largest coal company in China. According to Fortune's 2025 data, Shaanxi Coal and Chemical Industry Group employs 140,860 people. An earlier 2023...

China National Coal Group Corporation (中国中煤能源集团有限公司) operates as the parent holding company with China Coal Energy Co., Ltd. (中国中煤能源股份有限公司) as its publicly listed subsidiary on the Hong Kong and Shanghai stock exchanges. The group is organized into several core business segments including coal production and trade, coal chemical operations, pit-mouth power...

Shandong Energy New Energy Group | Credit: Sohu (Jul 30, 2025)

Shandong Energy Group was created through the merger of two major coal producers, resulting in a combined production capacity exceeding 260 million tons per year of coal. The company operates over 600 subsidiaries globally with presence in 17 countries. The group owns more than 20 second-level subsidiaries...

Jinneng Holding Group Co., Ltd. (晋能控股集团有限公司) is China's second largest coal enterprise group (2024 ranking) and a Fortune Global 500 company, formed through the strategic consolidation of major Shanxi provincial state-owned energy enterprises. The group was officially established on October 30, 2020, as part of Shanxi Province's landmark state-owned enterprise reform...

China National Energy Group, formally known as China Energy Investment Corporation Co., Ltd. (国家能源投资集团有限责任公司), abbreviated as CHN Energy, was established on November 28, 2017, following the merger of China Guodian Corporation and Shenhua Group. It is the world's largest company in coal mining, thermal power, wind power, and coal-to-liquids industry, ranking 92^nd on...

INA has nearly completed a €700 million modernization project at Rijeka Refinery (Croatia)—the largest single investment in company history. The project, which entered commissioning phase in December 2025 with expected completion by end of...

Picture: Tullow, via MarineLink

Jubilee crude is a light sweet crude oil produced from Ghana's offshore Jubilee field, located approximately 60 kilometers off the country's western coast in water depths ranging from 875 to 1,515 meters. The crude has an API gravity of...

Junín crude is an extra-heavy crude oil produced from the Junín blocks in Venezuela's Orinoco Belt, with API gravity ranging from 8 to 10 degrees. This extremely viscous crude contains high 

SRC refinery aerial view | Credit: SRC Facebook page (Dec 23, 2022)

Tema Oil Refinery | Credit: CITI NEWSROOM

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is the established catalytic route for converting synthesis gas (CO + H₂) into liquid hydrocarbon fuels and chemicals, serving as...

Credits : André Chalifour. (January 2022). Google Maps. https://tinyurl.com/4bmk8258 

W.R. Grace & Co. site in Valleyfield, Québec, Canada uses advanced technology and a variety of processes to manufacture fluid...

Street view of the Napierville Refinery from 2022 / Credit : LaPresse

Les Raffineries Napierville Inc. owned and operated by PFX Group (once known as Recochem) is the only refiner of naphtalene in Canada and has been operating since 1960. The refinery also produces 1,4-dichlorobenzene and has implented in 2012 a new process for the distillation of...

Schwedt Refinery Night View - Aromizer Overview.jpg | Credit: PCK

Shell has reopened the bidding process for its 37.5% stake in Germany's PCK Schwedt refinery, marking the latest chapter in a complex saga that has...

The Grangemouth Complex in 2018 (before refinery closure)
Credit: Welcome to Ineos Grangemouth Brochure. INEOS

On December 16, the...

Kicked off PMC Modeling.

US and international compounds and chemicals company.

The Zemag BGL slagging gasifier is a hybrid coal gasification technology combining fixed-bed gasification characteristics with entrained-flow slag discharge features, which key innovation resides in the gasification layer reaction temperature that can...

Oilprice.com: Saudi Firm Midad Emerges as Leading Bidder for Lukoil’s Global Assets | OilPrice.com

New player emerging in the Downstream- and Midstream market with a potential takeover of

China Coal Ordos Energy & Chemical Co., Ltd. is a wholly-owned subsidiary of China Coal Energy Co., Ltd. The company was established in April 2011 and plays a critical role in ensuring energy security, food security, and driving green low-carbon transformation.

China Coal Ordos Energy & Chemical operates across five major business segments:​

China Coal Energy Co., Ltd. (中国中煤能源股份有限公司) is a major Chinese state-owned energy conglomerate and the second-largest coal producer in China. 

China Coal Energy operates through five core business segments:​

• Coal Production and Trading: Mining and processing coal, including thermal coal and coking coal, with operations in major coal bases...

Article Image: Green belt surrounding Triunfo's Petrochemical Complex 2

Portfolio Planning PLUS is pleased to announce the publication of a comprehensive technology description for Tianjin University (TJU)'s proprietary ethanol dehydration technology, representing a significant milestone in China's...

Article image: Nizhnekamskneftekhim facility from public sources

Chematur Engineering AB (CEAB) is a Swedish chemical engineering company based in Karlskoga, founded in 1968, with historical roots tracing back to Alfred Nobel's era when chemical manufacturing was initiated in the region. The company specializes in marketing proprietary process technologies and providing...

Braskem's BRK Green Ethanol-to-Ethylene Plant at Triunfo RS, Brazil Facility | Credit: Braskem

We have published a comprehensive technical assessment of Braskem's ethanol-to-ethylene technology—the world's first industrial-scale ethanol dehydration plant in operation since 2010 at...

The refinery has what is probably the only Houdry catalytic cracking unit still in operation in the world [1]. It has been in operation for 70 years.

Ethanol dehydration is a catalytic process that converts ethanol into ethylene by acid-catalyzed removal of water molecules...

 Simplified sugarcane-to-ethanol process with potential modifications in vinasse management | Credit: Cristiano E. Rodrigues Reis & Bo Hu

Calcium Hydroxide is a white crystalline inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ca(OH)₂, commonly known as slaked lime or hydrated lime, produced by reacting calcium oxide (quicklime) with water in an exothermic reaction.​

Primary applications of calcium hydroxide are construction (mortar,...

Bagasse is the fibrous lignocellulosic residue remaining after crushing or diffusing sugarcane or sorghum stalks to extract juice, representing the world's most abundant agricultural processing byproduct with approximately 475-570 million tons generated annually from global sugarcane production.​

Closeup of handful of beer bagasse in male hands. Natural cattle feed from organic industrial waste

Agricultural processing residues are lignocellulosic organic materials generated as byproducts during the post-harvest processing and industrial transformation of agricultural commodities,...

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum and Hybrids) is a tall perennial tropical grass from the Poaceae family, cultivated primarily for the high concentration of fermentable sugars accumulated in its thick fibrous stems. As the world's largest crop by production tonnage (approximately...

Sugarcrop Field

Sugar crops from the grass family (Poaceae ) are tall perennial or annual monocotyledonous plants cultivated for high concentrations of fermentable sugars (primarily sucrose, glucose, 

We continue to advance the development of the Haldia Petrochmicals by adding more plants, need however to connect more dots to complete the model. 

Community support welcome!

#haldia  #petrochemicals  #india  ...

Lorean Catalyst Unit | Credit: SHANA (Aug 6, 2020)

Lorestan Petrochemical Complex, also known as Khorramabad Petrochemical Complex, is an Iranian polyethylene producer specializing in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), alongside 1-butene and polyethylene catalyst production. The company operates as part of the...

Bakhtar Petrochemical Company (BPC) is Iran's largest holding company specializing in polyethylene production and one of the country's most significant petrochemical conglomerates. The company serves as a strategic holding and management entity for multiple subsidiary petrochemical plants primarily...

Mahabad Petrochemical Company is an Iranian polyethylene producer located in West Azerbaijan Province. The company is wholly owned by Bakhtar Petrochemical Company, which in turn is a subsidiary of National Iranian etrochemical...

Saudi Aramco and Samref sign agreement to upgrade the refinery into an integrated refinery/petrochemicals operation:

Website Saudi Aramco: 

ExxonMobil, Aramco and Samref have signed a Venture Framework Agreement (VFA) to evaluate a significant upgrade of the Samref refinery,...

HEXIB Block Flow Diagram, A.I. generated in Mermaid code: https://portfolio-pplus.com/Communicator/Details/4616

We have just completed a comprehensive technology assessment of SIBUR's innovative HEXSIB process - a game-changing approach to producing polymer-grade...