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Jet Fuel is used in aircraft powered by gas turbine engines. It appears white to pale yellow in hue. Jet A and Jet A-1, which are manufactured according to a fixed worldwide specification, are the most used Fuels for commercial aircraft. Jet Fuel manufactured from Crude Petroleum Oil has an extensive range of Paraffin. A typical Jet composition consists of 20% Normal Paraffin, 40% Isoparaffins, 20% Naphthenes, and 20% Aromatics, with a wide distribution over a broad number of Carbon Atoms. Carbon number 10 has the highest weight-% composition of n-Alkanes and Isoalkanes, while Carbon number 11 has the highest weight-% composition of Cycloalkanes and Aromatics. However, the overall Aromatic concentration of Jet-A is limited to a maximum of 25%, which may result in a lower ratio of Hydrogen to Carbon and a lower heat content per unit mass compared to Paraffin with the same Carbon number. The nominal Jet-A Fuel was evaluated by two-dimensional gas chromatography, providing the HC class distribution with all four major classes of HCs scattered over multiple Carbon numbers (Picture). However, if the Aromatic concentration was too low, the seals in the engine and aircraft would leak. Jet B is the only other Jet Fuel regularly being used in civilian turbine-engine powered flight, which is employed for its improved cold-weather performance.^[1]

1. Ijaz Hussain, Saheed A Ganiyu, Hassan Alasiri, Khalid Alhooshani, A state-of-the-art review on waste plastics-derived aviation fuel: Unveiling the heterogeneous catalytic systems and techno-economy feasibility of catalytic pyrolysis, Energy Conversion and Management, Volume 274, 2022, 116433, ISSN 0196-8904