Xylene oxidation pathways to form benzenedicarboxylic acids

Xylene oxidation is the commercial route by which all three C₈ aromatic isomers are converted into their corresponding aromatic dicarboxylic acids: terephthalic acid (from para-xylene), phthalic anhydride (from ortho-xylene), and isophthalic acid (from meta-xylene). All three routes rely on catalytic partial oxidation with air, but differ in phase and catalyst detail.

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