Technology Type

Photovoltaic (PV) power plants are industrial facilities that converts sunlight directly into electrical energy using semiconductor-based solar cells.

Key Components

• PV panels/modules (made of silicon or other semiconductor materials)
• Inverters (convert DC to AC power)
• Transformers (step up voltage for grid connection)
• Energy storage systems (batteries for off-grid applications)
• Charge controllers and system protection devices
• Balance of system equipment

Operating Principle

The system works through:

• Solar cells absorbing photons from sunlight
• Photoelectric effect creating electron flow in semiconductor material
• Panels generating DC electricity
• Inverters converting DC to AC power
• Transformers raising voltage for distribution

System Types

• Grid-Connected systems feeds excess power directly into the grid, with no battery storage needed.
• Off-Grid/Standalone systems use charge controllers and require battery storage; they are often found in remote locations and may include hybrid power sources.

The technology achieves about 20% efficiency in converting sunlight to electrical energy, with output depending on available solar radiation and system design.