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Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) is a reddish-brown, highly reactive, and toxic gas composed of one nitrogen atom and two oxygen atoms, and is one of the principal oxides of nitrogen.

At room temperature, it appears as a pungent, acrid-smelling gas and becomes a yellowish-brown liquid below 21.2 °C.

NO₂ is a strong oxidizing agent, participates in extensive atmospheric and industrial chemical reactions, and is a key precursor in the production of nitric acid as well as in the formation of ground-level ozone and smog.

It is primarily produced by high-temperature combustion processes (such as those in vehicles, power plants, and industrial facilities), and is a major air pollutant regulated due to its harmful effects on respiratory health and its contribution to environmental issues like acid rain and climate change.